The Benefits of Superchargers and Turbochargers: Types of Forced Induct

The Advantages of Superchargers and Turbochargers Types of Forced InductionThe light turns red and you slowly come to a stop driving your 1992 GMC Syclone equipped with a 280 horsepower 4.3 l V-6 teamed up with a four speed automatic transmission. The GMC Syclone is basically a sporty run-off of GMCs Sonoma. In the next lane, a brand spanking new get over Mustang equipped with a 320 horsepower 4.6 liter V-8 pulls up. You seem to be feeling pretty spunky today, so you rev your engine signaling to the driver of the Mustang that you lack to race. The other driver looks over, gives a glance at your GMC Syclone and begins to laugh. However, he goes ahead and revs his engine giving the go-ahead for a race.The light turns green and your foot sinks on the accelerator pedal. You hear the squeal of tires, but you know its not from your truck because the Syclone is all wheel drive. The Mustangs 17 inch tires are spinning on dry pavement and struggling to regain their grip. After about half a second has gone by, your neck and neck with the Mustang. By this time the turbocharger in your truck has spooled up and is now compressing air into the intake manifold. Suddenly, your pushed back into your seat as the turbo goes to work. All the motion of the vehicle is forward and there is no shedding out from your truck because all of the power is being transmitted to all four of your 16 inch wheels. After two seconds, your ahead of the Mustang and just detention widening the gap on him. After 4.9 seconds your traveling at 60 mph. The Mustang will soon reach your velocity after another half a second.At this velocity you know that youre the clear victor, so you let off of the accelerator pedal and let the Mustang catch up. When the Must... .... 1996 3.Gromer, Cliff, and Scott, Randy. Hot n Cool. Popular Mechanics. Dec. 1998 34.The History of Turbochargers. About. 29 Mar. 2002. 28 Mar. 2002? <http//vintagecars.about.com/library/weekly/aa011500a.htm?iam=sawy&terms=%2Bturbochar ger. Kreisler, Ken. Whirling Dervish. About. 29 Mar. 2002. 28 Mar. 2002? <http//powerandmotoryacht.about.com/library/weekly/february02/aa020402a.htm?terms=turbochargers. Mitchell International, Inc. Mitchell Automechanics 2nd ed. New Jersey Prentice Hall,1991 208-211.Peters, Eric. Turbos and Superchargers. Consumers look Magazine. Sept. 1996 33.Tobaldt, William K., and Larry Johnson, eds. Motor Services. Illinois The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc., 1968 259-263.Turbocharger Overview. Inter.net. 12 Apr. 2002. <http//home.istar.ca/dvandit/TurbochargerOverview.htm

Mass Media and it’s strong hold on the American People :: Essays Papers

Mass Media and its strong hold on the American PeopleIf you vote for me, I promise a brighter incoming This is a slogan that has been used over and over by countless politicians throughout the history of our agricultural. However, the difference between a politician who made this program line sixty years ago and one who makes it today is enormous. Somehow over the years, the leaders of our country took a once trusted and adored institution and saturnine it into a national symbol of distrust. Thus we right off live in society where very few Americans could honestly state that they trust politicians. So, did politicians become much devious and manipulative post 1950, or has the increase in trade media turned the American people into a cynical society?As our country entered into the second half of the 20th century, many US citizens knew very little about what went on throughout the world a politics. This all changed with the introduction of mass media. Finally the American people were able to see the effects of every decision that Washington made. Presidents were now able to deliver speeches to every living inhabit throughout the country. Everything that went on throughout the country was now being exposed to the American People, be it through television, radio or printed press. With the end of World warfare II, our country began to enter this new era of mass media. Almost instantaneously, the public began to have access to the world of politics. So, ready or not, the American people were now going to have front row tickets to over fifty years of deception and scandals. The show began with President Dwight Eisenhower lying to the public on national TV, attempting to traverse US involvement in a espionage. They were then fortunate enough to learn about how the CIA had entered into an alliance with the mob in a failed attempt to rout Fidel Castro. This relationship is also one that many believe led to the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963. The govern ment then decided its policy during the 60s should be to lie and undermine the American people. This political decision was one that created a division in our country that had not been present since the Civil War. Finally, Nixon was elected, and the American people began to have new hope for happier times. The American people seemed hopeful for new beginnings and thought that maybe this was a president that they could trust.

Behind the Scenes of the County Jail :: Journalism Essays

Behind the Scenes of the County Jail Someone, amusinged of a crime, is arrested by police. Later on, the suspect goes to courtyard to face their charges. A classic episode of Law & Order. But, where do these suspects go in between the two events. They are held in their local tuck in of course. While people are familiar with the arrest and courtroom scenes from TV, many are unfamiliar with the lag scene, which becomes home to the suspects who cannot make bail until a court rules a verdict for their case. So, lets expand a Law & Order episode, and place the scene at the County Jail, located at 100 W. cap St., Muncie. A suspect has been arrested, and is taken to jail. Upon arrival, the suspect depart be given an orange jumpsuit, underwear, t-shirt, socks, and shoes without laces to wear, and a mattress pad for their bed, all jail issued. The suspect will be handcuffed and shackled for any movement he will make within the facility before he is placed in his cell. Th e suspect receives an leg bracelet with a picture of himself to be worn at all times as identification. They can make a call for bail, and if they cannot get the money, the jail becomes their new home. The process listed is standard for many booking procedures. It is not very exciting, which is probably why the process is left out of TV dramas. However, there is a lot of important work done behind-the-scenes to keep inmates in their place, and keep officers safe. Captain Earl Davis of the County Police Department is in charge of the county jail. Davis said that the jail has an elaborate locked doorstep system. When one door in a hallway of two or more doors is opened, all of the other doors are locked until the open door is shut. The system, Davis said, is to prevent any prisoner from escaping. Each door is opened by a person in an operating room, and each officer who enters through a door must receive clearance from that operator. County Jail is equipped to hold 2 21 prisoners, each who must eat three times a day, and have an min outside for recreation.

Majoring in Music :: Education Musical Singing School Essays Papers

Majoring in MusicMusic has always been an important part of my life. Upon unveiling the fifth grade, my p bents bought me a flute, at my insistence. After moderate success playing the flute, I saw greener grass on the other side of the symphonyal fence. apprisal just had to be easier than making music with a long metal pipe. My perception and reality did non exactly match. Singing has its own subtleties and complexities which are not readily apparent to the casual observer. Abandoning the flute for singing, I began taking voice lessons in the tenth grade. My voice teacher was very experienced and encouraged me to heed my interest in music beyond high school. After much deliberation, I decided to major in voice during college. This path would be pregnant with unforeseen problematicies and exciting challenges.After announcing my decision to a number of friends and acquaintances, I began to encounter not a few misconceptions about the study of music. Many people readily expressed their uninformed opinion that music (particularly vocal performance) was an easy college major for anyone with a modicum of talent Just open your mouth and let the music pour out. Some showed their ignorance by commenting that music majors had both light and easy course loads. There are even some people who decline to acknowledge that music is a serious academic discipline. They believe music is a refuge for slackers who do not want to tackle the really difficult courses. Others have insinuatedthat music majors choose a career in music by default (i.e., because they could not think of anything better to study).Of course, none of these perceptions are true. Two short months studying music on the college level has exploded these misconceptions. The study of music is a rigorous academic discipline which only gets more difficult as one progresses further into the curriculum. While our professors are understanding and helpful, we certainly are not coddled. Music majors quickly learn t hat enceinte work and long hours is the price of success in the world of music. The subject matter demands dedication and discipline.Music majors do have some recession from the demands of our discipline. For voice majors, there is choir. Choir provides an opportunity to learn in a more passive manner. The choir director leads the members of the choir toward the desired goal the domination of the piece of music to be performed. While choir members must be attentive and receptive, the burden is primarily carried by the director.

Multimedia :: science

MultimediaAs a technology, it is called multimedia system. As a revolution, it is the chalk up of many revolutions wrapped into one A revolution in communication that combines the auditory sensation visual violence of television, the publishing power of the printing press, and the synergistic power of the computer. Multimedia is the convergence of these different professions, once thought independent of one another, culmination together to form a new technological approach to the manner information and ideas be shared. What get out society look like under the evolving institutions of interactive multimedia technologies? Well, if the 1980s were a time for media tycoons, the 1990s will be for the self-styled visionaries. These gurus see a dawning digital age in which the scurvy television will mutate into a two-way medium for a vast amount of information and entertainment. We can expect to see movies-on-demand, video games, databases, educational programming, home shopping, t elephone services, telebanking,teleconferencing, even the complex simulations of virtual reality. This souped-up television will itself be a powerful computer. This, many believe, will be the worlds biggest media group, letting consumers tune into anything, anywhere, anytime. The most extraordinary thing about the multimedia boom, is that so many moguls are chokeing such vast sums to develop digital technologies, for the delivering of programs and services which are still largely hypothetical. So what is behind such grand prophecies? Primarily, two technological advances known as digitization (including digital compression), and fiber optics. Both are indispensable to the high-speed networks that will deliver slashing new services to homes and offices. Digitization means translating information, either video, audio, or text, into ones and zeros, which make it easier to send, store, and manipulate. conglutination squeezes this information so that more of it can be sent utilize a given amount of transmission capacity or bandwidth. Fibre-optic furrows are producing a vast increase in the amount of bandwidth available. Made of screwball so pure that a sheet of it 70 miles thick would be as clear as a window-pane, and the solitary strand of optical eccentric the width of a human hair can carry 1,000 times as much information as all radio frequencies put together. This elaborateness of bandwidth is what is making two-way communication, or interactivity, possible. Neither digitization nor fibre optics is new. But it was simply this year that Americas two biggest cable-TV owners, TCI and Time Warner , said they would spend $2 billion and $5 billion respectively to deploy both technologies in their systems, which together serve a third of Americas 60m cable homes.Multimedia scienceMultimediaAs a technology, it is called multimedia. As a revolution, it is the sum of many revolutions wrapped into one A revolution in communication that combines the audio vis ual power of television, the publishing power of the printing press, and the interactive power of the computer. Multimedia is the convergence of these different professions, once thought independent of one another, coming together to form a new technological approach to the way information and ideas are shared. What will society look like under the evolving institutions of interactive multimedia technologies? Well, if the 1980s were a time for media tycoons, the 1990s will be for the self-styled visionaries. These gurus see a dawning digital age in which the humble television will mutate into a two-way medium for a vast amount of information and entertainment. We can expect to see movies-on-demand, video games, databases, educational programming, home shopping, telephone services, telebanking,teleconferencing, even the complex simulations of virtual reality. This souped-up television will itself be a powerful computer. This, many believe, will be the worlds biggest media group, lett ing consumers tune into anything, anywhere, anytime. The most extraordinary thing about the multimedia boom, is that so many moguls are spending such vast sums to develop digital technologies, for the delivering of programs and services which are still largely hypothetical. So what is behind such grand prophecies? Primarily, two technological advances known as digitization (including digital compression), and fibre optics. Both are indispensable to the high-speed networks that will deliver dynamic new services to homes and offices. Digitization means translating information, either video, audio, or text, into ones and zeros, which make it easier to send, store, and manipulate. Compression squeezes this information so that more of it can be sent using a given amount of transmission capacity or bandwidth. Fibre-optic cables are producing a vast increase in the amount of bandwidth available. Made of glass so pure that a sheet of it 70 miles thick would be as clear as a window-pane, and the solitary strand of optical fibre the width of a human hair can carry 1,000 times as much information as all radio frequencies put together. This expansion of bandwidth is what is making two-way communication, or interactivity, possible. Neither digitization nor fibre optics is new. But it was only this year that Americas two biggest cable-TV owners, TCI and Time Warner , said they would spend $2 billion and $5 billion respectively to deploy both technologies in their systems, which together serve a third of Americas 60m cable homes.

Multimedia :: science

Mul timediaAs a technology, it is c eached multimedia. As a diversity, it is the sum of many revolutions wrapped into one A revolution in communication that combines the audio visual military unit of television, the publishing power of the printing press, and the interactive power of the computer. Multimedia is the convergence of these different professions, once supposition independent of one another, coming together to form a recent technological approach to the way information and ideas are shared. What give society touch sensation like under the evolving institutions of interactive multimedia technologies? Well, if the 1980s were a time for media tycoons, the 1990s will be for the self-styled visionaries. These gurus see a dawning digital age in which the humble television will mutate into a 2-way medium for a vast amount of information and entertainment. We whoremonger take to see movies-on-demand, video games, databases, educational programming, home shopping, telephon e services, telebanking,teleconferencing, even the labyrinthian simulations of virtual reality. This souped-up television will itself be a powerful computer. This, many believe, will be the worlds biggest media group, letting consumers tune into anything, anywhere, anytime. The most incomparable thing about the multimedia boom, is that so many moguls are spending such vast sums to develop digital technologies, for the delivering of programs and services which are still mostly hypothetical. So what is behind such grand prophecies? Primarily, two technological advances known as digitization (including digital compression), and fibre optics. Both are indispensable to the high-speed networks that will deliver dynamic new services to homes and offices. Digitization means translating information, every video, audio, or text, into ones and zeros, which make it easier to send, store, and manipulate. Compression squeezes this information so that more of it tail assembly be sent using a given amount of transmission capacitance or bandwidth. Fibre-optic cables are producing a vast increase in the amount of bandwidth available. Made of glass so pure that a sheet of it 70 miles thick would be as clear as a window-pane, and the unfrequented strand of optical fibre the width of a human hair can carry 1,000 times as much information as all radio frequencies put together. This expansion of bandwidth is what is making two-way communication, or interactivity, possible. Neither digitization nor fibre optics is new. But it was only this year that Americas two biggest cable-TV owners, TCI and Time Warner , said they would spend $2 billion and $5 billion individually to deploy both technologies in their systems, which together serve a trinity of Americas 60m cable homes.Multimedia scienceMultimediaAs a technology, it is called multimedia. As a revolution, it is the sum of many revolutions wrapped into one A revolution in communication that combines the audio visual pow er of television, the publishing power of the printing press, and the interactive power of the computer. Multimedia is the convergence of these different professions, once thought independent of one another, coming together to form a new technological approach to the way information and ideas are shared. What will society look like under the evolving institutions of interactive multimedia technologies? Well, if the 1980s were a time for media tycoons, the 1990s will be for the self-styled visionaries. These gurus see a dawning digital age in which the humble television will mutate into a two-way medium for a vast amount of information and entertainment. We can expect to see movies-on-demand, video games, databases, educational programming, home shopping, telephone services, telebanking,teleconferencing, even the complex simulations of virtual reality. This souped-up television will itself be a powerful computer. This, many believe, will be the worlds biggest media group, letting con sumers tune into anything, anywhere, anytime. The most extraordinary thing about the multimedia boom, is that so many moguls are spending such vast sums to develop digital technologies, for the delivering of programs and services which are still largely hypothetical. So what is behind such grand prophecies? Primarily, two technological advances known as digitization (including digital compression), and fibre optics. Both are indispensable to the high-speed networks that will deliver dynamic new services to homes and offices. Digitization means translating information, either video, audio, or text, into ones and zeros, which make it easier to send, store, and manipulate. Compression squeezes this information so that more of it can be sent using a given amount of transmission capacity or bandwidth. Fibre-optic cables are producing a vast increase in the amount of bandwidth available. Made of glass so pure that a sheet of it 70 miles thick would be as clear as a window-pane, and the so litary strand of optical fibre the width of a human hair can carry 1,000 times as much information as all radio frequencies put together. This expansion of bandwidth is what is making two-way communication, or interactivity, possible. Neither digitization nor fibre optics is new. But it was only this year that Americas two biggest cable-TV owners, TCI and Time Warner , said they would spend $2 billion and $5 billion respectively to deploy both technologies in their systems, which together serve a third of Americas 60m cable homes.

School Life and College Life

Correction in attach, f any, should be communicated to the office of chief operating officer in the format prescribed within ten working solar days after the day of examination of the last theory paper. The marks secured by assimilator in the test examinations before and after addressing the refinance sh entirely be displayed on the department notice board. Page 12 lit) Absentee examination a. For GU Programmer under(a) autonomy Students who remain absent in a Test-I and or Test II examination will be subjected to absentee test after Testes as per the academic calendar.The absentee examination would be for 15 Marks only. A student who remains absent for both Test-I and Test-II would be evaluated for 15 marks only and will suffer 15 marks. This provision Is made only for situations In which the absence is either cod to the student representing the college in an academic/ co-curricular and extracurricular activities at University r estate level or due to reason of illness, deat h of a near kin, attendance of state or national level competitive exam, placement activities and new(prenominal) circumstances beyond authorization of the student.To avail this provision, the student is required to apply to the HOOD with recommendation from Course Coordinator with relevant documents. It is the discretion of the HOOD and Course Coordinator to opine application and decide the mode of examination. No student can avail of this provision for both the Test examinations in any one give in a Semester. B. For PIG Programmer under autonomy Students who remain absent in a Test-I and/or Test II examination will be subjected to absentee test after Test-I and/ or Test II within 10 working days of the end of test examination.This provision is made only for situations in which the absence is either due to the student representing the college in an academic/ co- curricular and extracurricular activities at University, State or country level or due to reason of illness, death of a near kin, attendance of state or national level competitive exam, placement activities and other circumstances beyond control of the student. To Vail of this provision, the student is required to apply to the HOOD with recommendation from Course Coordinator with relevant documents.It is the discretion of the HOOD and Course Coordinator to consider application and decide the mode of examination. No student can avail of this provision for both the Test examinations in any one race in a Semester. v) Assessment of Internal marks for theory courses Test-I 15 marks Test-II 15 marks attention 4 marks T apieceers assessments Two assessments of 3 marks each (The mode of teachers assessment shall be declared by individual course teacher on the dates specified in the Academic Calendar). Total continuous assessment marks for theory course 40 marks.Teachers Assessment a. B. C. D. Teachers assessment of students performance of 6 marks shall be done on the basis of modes much(prenominal ) as home assignments, tutorials, open declare tests, seminars, group discussions, projects, quizzes etc. The course coordinator shall declare the mode(s) chosen for each course, within the date prescribed by the Dean Academics. In crusade a course is being taught by more Page 13 than one subject teacher, the modes for teachers assessment may be declared by the enjoyive teacher, section wise.A student who skips teachers assessment or a part thereof shall be awarded zero marks under the respective head. Vi) Assessment of continuous assessment of marks for pragmatical courses A student shall be evaluated for his/her academic performance in a operable course on the basis of continuous evaluation and End Semester functional Examination. Vii) Marking for continuous evaluation of practical courses may be done based on the following parameters a. Journal completion b. Performance in each practical c.Internal Practical Examination d. Viva-Voce Total marks for continuous evaluation of practical courses 25 marks. The course coordinator in consultation with Chairman senesce of Studies and the respective course teacher shall declare the allocation of marks in the parameters as applicable within the date prescribed in the academics calendar. In case of performance oriented practical, the evaluation shall be done on the basis to performance in practical examination and viva-voce/bobactive test.Mode of examination for non-performance type of practical shall be declared by the course coordinator in the beginning of the session. Type of practical course I. E. Performance type or non performance type shall be decided by the respective ASS. The seminar shall be evaluated through the quality of work carried out, the report submission and presentations as per the guidelines prescribed by the respective BOSS from beat to time. Project work shall be evaluated by mid-term seminars, the quality of work carried out, project report submission and the viva-voce examination.Notwit hstanding contained in above, any specific norms in respect of examination, criterion of passing, results, valuation, grading, discipline, award of degree, attendance will be prepared by the respective departmental faculty board, approved by BOSS and Academic Council, if required. Iii) attending The attendance of the students in theory classes should be encouraged. 4 marks are allotted for attendance. The distribution of Attendance marks is as given in set back 1 below. Table 1 Distribution of marks on Attendance S. No. 1 23 4 Attendance % =75 or 75 or or 65 Awarded Marks 4 3 2 1 a.All the students are expected to be present in every lecture, tutorial, practical, NC / INS / SSP / Games Sports / Yoga schedule for them. Attendance will be closely monitored during a semester as per the guidelines. Page 14 b. If a student is continuously absent from the classes for more than four seeks without communicate the Course Coordinator, the Coordinator shall immediately bring it to the not ice of First Year Coordinator/ the Head of the touch department as the case may be and they in criminal will inform the same to the Office of Dean Academics. . A student must have a minimum attendance of 60 % of the total rate of classes including lectures/ tutorials, held in a course individually in order to become eligible for appearing Test I and Test II examinations in such courses, failing which he/she will be declared not eligible for appearing in the said examination in such courses and will be awarded zero marks.Attendance granted to the student for the period of the related activity/ event shall not be considered while calculating minimum attendance. Minimum physical carriage of the student of the total number of classes including lectures/ tutorials, held in a course is compulsory for being eligible for appearing Test I and Test II examinations. D.The names of the students who have remained absent, for more than 25% of the actual classes held in a course will be intim ated by the Course Coordinator himself on the last teaching day of each month of the respective semester, to the students in the lass with written intimation to the HOOD / First Year Coordinator, who will arrange to consolidate the list for all such students for all the courses and display it on the notice board of the department with an intimation to Dean Academics. E. A student must have an overall 75 % attendance of the total number of classes including lectures/ tutorials and practical. F.Student is not permitted to appear for the End Semester Examination if the shortfall of attendance exists. His/her registration for that semester will be treated as cancelled, and he/she shall be awarded Z grade in that semester. This grade shall appear in the grade card till the successful completion to course requirements in that semester. Ix) Connotation to Attendance Those students who have more than 75% attendance for the period other than their medical leave be considered for connotation of attendance provided their overall attendance in a course including the period of illness does not fall below 60%.A student has to apply for leave on medical grounds to the Head of concerned department and such application shall be accompanied with a medical certificate from a registered medical practitioner and endorsed by parents or guardian. However the termination in this matter will be finally taken by the Principal. Records keeping All the records of attendance in Test Examinations, Question papers, valued perform sheets, summary of marks sheets, and display of marks should be properly maintained for academic monitoring.

Sociology of Sport: Baseball

According to Ashley Crossman, Sociology of sports, also referred to as sports sociology, is the study of the relationship between sports and society. It examines how culture and harbors influence sports, how sports influences culture and values, and the relationship between sports and media, politics, economics, religion, race, gender, youth, etc. It also looks at the relationship between sports and social inequality and social mobility (Crossman 2012). Sports are a microcosm of square manner therefore anyone can embrace a sport, as we embrace veritable life.For example, in this summer Olympic Games, Olympic sports are supported by all races and genders. In the past history, women usually gravitated to gymnastics, travel or track & field and womens tennis. However, in 2012, the gender and race involvement and viewership disparity has closed (Statista 2012). According to Statista, a Dow Jones Company, woman and non-white Olympic Games viewership has increase by 28%. In my opini on, these stats are attributed to minorities being more involved in the backs, as well as the mainstream media squander realized the marketing value of minority athletes.Baseball was the first organized sport I was introduced to as a child. Although I played professional football, my first love of competition and sportsman was baseball. My love for the sport of baseball was passed on to me by my step-father. The history of the sport was intriguing, even at a young age. I was into numbers and statistics and having a mentor to explain the simple parts of the bouncy made it even more interesting, especially being Americans Pastime.However, this can be debated, as stated by baseball historians Frank Ceresi and Carol McMains, Americas Pastime has been traditionally thought to have been founded by Abner Doubleday in Cooperstown, NY in 1839. In truth, the game evolved over some decades, if not centuries, and its roots are, in reality, a tangled web of bat and ball games brought to t his country by immigrants (Ceresi 2012). Most players and fans of baseball have an undeniably appreciation for sports.Seeing that baseball is played on the amateur level, as well as the professional level, this sport can be enjoyed by nigh demographics. Baseball at times transcends two social and economic boundaries. However, being at the ballpark there seems to be social classes, as in real life, such as the wealthy fans sit in certain areas, while those with limited finances sits in less costly sections. It also imitates real life society in separate ways, like those in the so-called cheap seats seem to have more fun than those fans in the pricey seats.Even though most appreciate the sport, it seems to more of pleasure for those in the inexpensive seats, while those in the exclusive box seats treat as though it is an entitlement, instead of a privilege. On Thursday, July 26, 2012 I attended a professional minor league baseball game in San Bernardino, CA. This game play off th e San Bernardino 66ers, a Los Angeles Angels minor league team, versus the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes, a Los Angeles Dodgers minor league team. This is a small cozy stadium however it has the same field dimensions as a major league stadium.I chose this venue because I believed it would show a more diverse sociological viewpoint, in a close and friendly setting. cosmos an intimate setting, fans are able to interact with other fans, as well as coaches and players. This setting vacates for a fun, family friendly atmosphere and doesnt have the pressures of major league parks. Although winning is the primary goal, this is a germinatemental league and victory is not paramount for success. Therefore, the ball club management makes the environment conducive for a positive, enjoyable experience.The fan base was made up of all ages, from infants to senior citizens. The gender make-up was probably 60% male and 40% female. The social economic status of the fan base ranged from lower income to middle class. Minor league baseball prides itself on being economical, with umteen price and food specials, such as $1. 00 hot dog night, $2. 00 admission night, Friday fireworks shows, etc. These prices are a major selling point to attract individuals that normally couldnt afford to attend a major league baseball game therefore minor league baseball is marketed to lower income fans.The ethnicity of this fan base was mostly white and Hispanic, with a hardly a(prenominal) African Americans sprinkled in. The fans seem to be moderately naturalized, with few exceptions. Also, because baseball is a worldwide sport, there were many an(prenominal) immigrants attending the game, primarily Mexican and Spanish Americans. Since most players are sent to particular minor league teams for development, many dont meet the same demographics of the fan base. However, this teams demographics were the same as the fan base, including White, Hispanic and African American players.The coaching staff wa s primarily white, with one African American. Since this is a single A minor league club, many of these players havent signed major league contracts, therefore most of them are in the low income bracket, as with this particular fan base. Being a friendly and personable person, I was able to interact with various fans, however I noticed many fans sat with and interacted only with their own party or nationality. It is also evident that the season ticket holders and regular fans interact with each other by first name basis, regardless of their ethnicity.Most fans seem to be generally cheerful and interested in the game. Being a minor league park, the other marketing tactic is to have interaction with the fans, such as using mascots, cheerleaders, on-field games for the kids, etc. My final observations include that baseball has its own language and most regular fans are extremely knowledgeable of the lingo. Baseball, being historically a slow sport, allows the casual fan and regular fan to learn about the idiosyncrasies of the game by listening to coaches and other fans.Some little league coaches brought their players to educate them on the game. In most cases, most of the fans showed similar behavior, such as family and fan interacting, knowledge of the game and overall enjoyment of the entertainment offered. One subject that stood out was the older fans seem to be more into the actual game and not in the special attractions. However, my children, as well as most other children seem to be more interested in the sideshows and the food. Observing sports sociology at a baseball game, with methodology research in mind, was quite interesting.It allowed me to view the game from a different stead, such as focusing on human behavior, in lieu of just watching the game. I thought watching a baseball game from a sociology aspect would be difficult, however I realized most people view things the same way, but dont have a clinical definition supporting it. People-watching i s a basic human instinct, though watching a game with a clinical perspective makes it very interesting. It is only since 1970 that sports sociology has gained earthshaking attention as a serious area of study (Brown 2012).It is presumed that professors did not consider how sports influenced the social order nor was it very significant or fundamental to sociology. According to Brown, Sociology of sports poses critical and controversial issues. Because sports are considered a microcosm of society, the same social issues that live in larger society also exist in sports. Many of the same government policies and social persecutions demonstrated on minorities and women were also implemented in the society of sports. For example, women were not permitted to participate in many sports believed to be a manly sport, like baseball or car racing.Many minorities or certain religious groups were not allowed to compete in many professional sports and in many cases were not even permitted to obse rve the sport, except from an isolated viewing area. Once more, the concerns and arguments that sports sociology uncovers are the same concerns that are reflected in real life society. The sociology of sport has many similarities to real life, as evident in how sports affect ones everyday life. As a result, it is imperative for a person to critically think about how we deal with life, as inspired by our sports influence.By doing that we can see how sports can enhance our real life social accomplishments. Many people participate or watch sports to relieve stress, get exercise or just to have fun. Businesses at times develop sport teams to build camaraderie amongst their employees, allowing them to interact outside of the workplace. Sports can satisfy the human need for competition and human interaction. Sports are a microcosm of real life, having a hierarchy, such as players, coaches, referees and spectators. In real life we have employees, bosses, human relations and customers, for example.Consequently, people gravitate to sports for different reasons however they get the same hot effect. Sport fans and actual sport participants have similar ambitions, whether it is winning games, winning as a team or rooting for your team to victory. Sport sociology encompasses a true spectrum of goals and inspiration, just as real life. Keeping true to ones sociological views and embracing others views can definitely allow a person to see life through a basic viewpoint, as well as a broad sociological viewpoint. Sports have a place in everyones ife, whether its physical sport or mental sport, such as board games, playacting cards or playing mental games with ones significant other. Competition builds character Competition is the act of competing, as for profit or a prize. (DAngelo 2006) It is a test of skill or ability between players with the prize of some kind being victory, where one can only be achieved by out-competing your competition. These sports concepts transce nd to business, family, friendship, etc. Again, sports is a microcosm of real life, therefore it intertwines societys real life sociology and sports sociology.In conclusion, sports have played an important part of my life, as both a participant and just having fan. Having a love for sports has allowed me to interact with people of all races and genders. Networking with individuals, while playing sports, even at the amateur level, offers venues for business opportunities, clash new friends and cultivating existing personal relationships. Given the opportunity everyone should engage in some type of competition, as it stimulates the mind and body.

Limited Brands Financial Analysis

Limited Brands, Inc. , like many other companies, saw a downturn in profits and revenues during the sparing slowdown. Limited Brands owns companies such as Victorias Secret, The Limited, Bath and Body Works and others. Chairperson and CEO Leslie Wexner did non fear the economic crisis, she did not focus on things that were out of her control, but instead, focused on getting even closer to the customer. Wexner (2010) stated, we had to be frugal with resources, time and moneywe satiny the business, stayed lean and quick and concentrated all our efforts on the few things that produce the biggest returns. While there was a decline between 2009 and 2010, Wexners efforts paid off, as Limited Brands has seen an increase in profit margin during the 2010 year. Analyzing the notes in the income statement gives a better understanding of how Limited Brands is operating. Limited Brands fiscal year ends on the last Saturday of January each year. On January 31, 2009, the currency and cash equiv alents were $1. 17 million. On January 30, 2010, cash and cash equivalents were $1. 8 million.According to the notes, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, demand deposits with financial institutions and highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than 90 days (Limited Brands, 2010). The notes also state, The companies outstanding checks, which amounted to $76 million as of January 30, 2010 and $86 million as of January first 2009, ar include in Accounts Payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets (Limited Brands, 2010). Limited Brands continues to disclose the nature of their investment portfolio, which presently consists of U. S. and Canadian government obligations, U. S.Treasury and AAA-rated money market funds, bank time deposits, and highly rated commercial paper (Limited Brands, 2010). Accounts Receivables 2009 were $236 million compared to 2010s receivables balance of $219 million. Limited Brands not only monitors the use and creditworthiness of i ndividuals and businesses, when extending credit, but also limits the amount of credit exposure with any one entity when requesting credit. Inventories in 2009 were valued at $1. 18 million and declined to and $1. 03 million in 2010. For Limited Brands, inventories are primarily valued at the lower cost or market, on a weighted-average cost basis.Valuation adjustments are made at the discretion of management if the cost of inventory on hand, exceeds the amount expected to receive from sale or disposal of the inventory. Management bases the stopping point to adjust value based on future demand and market conditions, while also taking into consideration and analyzing historical sales info. Inventory overtaking adjustments are also made for estimated physical loss of inventory since the last physical inventory. Managers will also take into consideration operating trends and historical data when making these adjustments.As of January 30, 2010, inventories consisted of Finished Goods Merchandise$ 973 million Raw Materials and Merchandise Components$ 64 million Total Inventories$1,037 million Limited Brands discloses in the Restructuring section In 2007 they recognized a pre-tax charge of $19 million related to excess raw material and component inventory with Bath and Body Works. The cost was included in Cost of Goods Sold, buying and occupancy in the 2007 Consolidated Statement of Income. Gross Profits for 2009 were $3. 02 million versus $3 million in 2008.

End of Poverty Guide Essay

Sachs throws out the normal appearances of thinking about the ca drops of leanness in countries, for representative that people ar lazy or stupid, or the countries ar non parliamentary, and that corruption is wide-spread. Fifty percent of the valet de chambres population exists on slight than one dollar per twenty-four hour period. He believes that more of the worry is structural, which back curiosity that be dealt with by dint of the help of the sizeable countries.Sachs believes, first of each(prenominal), that every current debt owed by the short(p) countries should be call off. Secondly, if the prosperous countries would increase t replacement development aid from .2% to .7% in that respect would be enough money available to increase the scotchal growth so that all countries would no longer be extremely low.If MAI is to be go down known as an agency which t for for each one onees a new way of dealing with poverty, accordingly we invite to become aw a tomic number 18 of this script and Sachs understanding and approach to poverty. Chapter Twelve really speaks to CHE.I support tried to review what has appe ard to me to be the most salient manoeuvers, chapter by chapter. All chapters are non treated equally. I primarily dothis exercise for myself to help me understand the key compass points from the book. If they are of any help to others, then that is a plus.I hold gone into more detail in the other synopsis I pay do because of the possible guidance this book can give us for a new paradigm for dealing with poverty individually, topical anaestheticly, nationally and planetaryly (which in reality we are already on the road in doing). Some things are both structural and governanceal issues and I am not suggesting that we get involved in these, but alter must begin at the village level and then we can scale up our strengths from there.Chapter one and only(a)A Global Family PortraitSachs sets the stage for his dissertatio n and book using examples of Malawi, Bangladesh, India, and china to build different levels of poverty. He talks abut the ascending ladder of frugal development for countries. Lowest are those who are too ill, hungry, or destitute to get up to now a foot on the bottom rung of the development ladder. They get in up the bottom 1/6 of the worlds population, or one million people. They are the sillyest of the low and live on less than $1 a day. A a couple of(prenominal) rungs up the ladder at the upper end of the low-income countries are another 1.5 billion people. They live just above the subsistence level. These 2 groups make up 40% of the worlds population. CHE targets both of these groups, and especially with the first group. Another 2.5 billion accept the IT executioners of India. about of them live in the cities and are mode calculately poor. One billion or one-sixth of the world come from the racy developed countries.Sachs says the greatest tragedy of our time i s that one-sixth of the worlds population is not even on the first rung of the ladder. A large number of the extremely poor in level one are caught in the poverty mess and cannot escape it. They are bunkerped by affection, physical isolation, clime stress, environmental degradation, and extreme poverty itself.He breaks poverty into three levels Extreme poverty direction households cannot gratify basic need for survival. This only occurs in ontogenesis countries. World Bank says their income isless than $1 a day. Mode sum up poverty is where needs are generally just barely met. World Bank says this represents countries where their income falls between $1 and $2 per day. Relative poverty generally describes household income level at being below a given percentage of the average national income. You find this in developed countries.He then presents the Challenge of our Generation which embarrasss service the poorest of the poor escape the misery of extreme poverty and help them begin their climb up the ladder of economic development. Ensuring all who are the worlds poor, including moderately poor, have a chance to climb taller in economic development.He believes that the pursuance can be done Meet the millennium Development Goals by 2015. eradicate extreme poverty by 2025. To ensure closely before 2025, that all of the worlds poor countries can make reliable come along up the ladder of economic development. To accomplish this with modest financial help from the riches countries, which impart be more than is now provided per capita.Chapter deuceThe Spread of Economic ProsperitySachs uses several graphs in this chapter. I will not go into detail on these, but I will point out some salient points All functions of the world were poor in 1820. All regions experienced economic progress, though some often more than others. nows richest regions experienced by far the greatest economic progress. As an example, Africa has only grown at .7% a grad e while the USA at 1.7%. This may not seem much, but when compounded year-by-year, it solvents in the great differences between the two. The key fact today is not the transfer of income from one region to another, but rather that the overall increase in the worlds income is happening at different rates in different regions.Until the 1700s, the world was unco poor by todays standards. A study change was the industrial revolution coming to certain regions and not toothers. The move engine was a decisive turning point because it mobilized the vast store of primary energy which unlocked the mass production of crackings and services. Modern energy fueled every smell of the economic takeoff.As coal fueled industry, industry fueled political power. Britains industrial breakthrough created a huge military and financial advantage. merely Britain also had existing individual initiative and friendly mobility than most other countries of the world. They also had a strengthening of ins titution and liberty. Britain also had a major geographic advantageone of isolation and protection of the sea, in addition to entrance to the oceans for worldwide transportation for their goods and importation of other countries goods.Sachs then goes on to outline what has fostered major economic growth Modern economic growth is accompanied by people moving to the cities, or urbanization. This means less and fewer people make up the food that is required for the rural area. Hopefully, food price per farmer decreases as larger plots are farmed more productively. This also means sparsely populated rural area makes good sense when many farms are undeniable to grow the crops, but sparse wreak makes little sense when more and more people are occupied in manufacturing in the cities. Modern economic growth fostered a revolution in social mobility which affected social ranking of people. A fixed social order depends on status quo and agrarian population. There is a change in gende r roles with economic development. This affects living conditions as well as family structure. The desire number of children decreases. The division of labor increases. By specializing in one activity instead of many, productivity increases.The diffusion of economic growth occurred in three beta forms From Britain to its colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand. (It was therefore relationally straight-forth to transfer British technologies, food crops and even legal institutions.) A second diffusion took place at bottom Europe that ran from Western Europe to east Europe, and from Northern Europe to Southern Europe. The third wander of diffusion was from Europe to Latin America, Africa, and Asia.Sachs believes that the single most important reason for prosperity spread is the transmission of applied science and the ideas primal it. The technological advances came at different times. The first wave revolved around the invention of the go engine which led to factory-producing goods. The second wave in the 19th one C was led by the introduction of the rail and telegraph. It also included the introduction of steam ships instead of sailing ones, and the construction of the Suez Canal. The third wave was initiated by electrification of industry and urban society. Along with this came the development of the internal combustion engine. The fourth wave came in the 20th century with the globalization of the world due to new methods of communication starting in Europe. There came a time of a great burst which took place with the start of World War I, and sidetracked economic development for awhile. This led to the Great Depression which led to World War II. A fifth wave took place even up after World War II, and in 1991. It began with the massive efforts of reconstruction of Europe and Japan right after World War II. mete out barriers began to come down.There were three worlds the first was the developed West, the second was comprised o f Socialist countries, and the third was made up of undeveloped countries (which were made up of the old resolution countries). The world therefore progressed on three tracks. The problem was that the second and third worlds did not share in economic growth and in reality went backward. By destruction their economies, they closed themselves off from economic development.So what did this mean to the poorest of the poor countries? They did not begin their economic growth until decades later. They faced geographical barriers of being land-locked They faced the fell exploitation of the colonial powers. They made disastrously grown choices in their national policies.Chapter tierceWhy Some Countries FailIn this chapter, Sachs looks at the cause of poverty and possible solutions.He first deals with, how a familys per-capita income might increase The first way is through savings either in cash or similar assets like animals, etc. The second way is shifting to crops that bring a loftyer yield per hectare, and then adding value to the crop (which is what we teach in our PAD training). The third way is adopting new technology, which improves their productivity. The fourth way is resource boom, which means to move to a much larger and more fertile farm.The tilt side of increasing their economic growth is by decreasing their per capita income which is more than just the opposite of the above factors Lack of savings is of course one way to reduce per capita income. Lack of trade, meaning that a household hears of the new crop but cannot take advantage of it and stays with what they have. Technological reversal is when something like human immunodeficiency virus hits an area and children lose their parents etc. Natural resource decline is where the land becomes less and less fertile producing less and less crops. Adverse Productivity shock is where a natural disaster hits like a drought, tsunami, earthquake, typhoon, etc. Population growth lessens per c apita income where the father has two hectares of land and it is divided among his five sons at his death. in a flash Sachs begins to get into the true heart of poverty on a country level The poverty trap itself is where poverty is so extreme that the poor do not have the ability by themselves to get out of the mess. Physical geography menstruum of plays a major role where countries are land-locked with poor or no roads, a lack of navigable rivers, or situated in mountain ranges or deserts with an extremely high transportation comprise. The low productivity of the land is another factor in the geography. The fiscal trap is where the government lacks the resources to pay for the necessary infrastructure on which economic growth depends. Government failure happens when the government is not concentrating on high priority infrastructure and social service projects. Cultural or religious barriers especially as it relates to gender inequality play a authoritative role in dampeni ng economic growth. Geopolitics such as trade barriers can impede economic growth. Lack of innovation and technology plays a role if people cannot trynew things because they cannot risk failure, or because they do not have funds to do so. Sachs believes that over the span of two centuries, the lack of using new technology is wherefore the richest and poorest countries have diverged. He shows a scatter-gram graph showing there is a demographic trap as well. The higher the fertility rate, the lower rate of economic growth there is in a country. When they have too many children, they cannot institutionalise in education, nutrition, or health, except maybe for the oldest male. One of the best ways to lower the number of children per family is through the education of the girls.Sachs then goes into detail in putting countries into different classes. He points out that none of the rich countries in North American, Western Europe or East Asia have failed to grow economically. All the problems lie in the developing world where 45 of these countries had a fall in GDP. Not all of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. He also points out that the fossil oil-exporting and ex-Soviet countries, all high income countries, did not increase their economic growth evenly, primarily because of their authoritarian political structure.He also points out that the most important factor is agriculture. Those countries that used high yield cereals per hectare and that used high levels of fertilizers are the poor countries that tended to experience economic growth. In Africa, the land is much less densely populated but they use incomplete high yield cereals nor fertilizers and they had falling food production per capita. But they also have far less roads for transporting extra crops to securities industrys and they depend on pelting which is generally more erratic than high-producing agricultural countries.He also goes on to point out the undermentioned Economic growth is rarely uniformly distributed across a country. Governments also fail in their role in allowing growth that might enrich the rich households, while the poorest living in the identical area seldom seem to benefit. Another detriment to growth can be culture especially as it relates to women inequality.Chapter FourClinical Economics (CE)Sachs compares clinical economics to clinical medicine. He lays out five parameters for Clinical Economics CE is made up of complex frames. The failure in one system can lead to cascades of failures in other sort outs of the economy. You therefore need to deal with very big and multiple issues. CE practitioners need to deal the art of clinical diagnosis. The CE practitioner must hone-in on the key underlying causes of economic distress and prescribe appropriate remedies that are tailor-made to each countrys condition. Treatment needs to be viewed in family terms, not individual terms. The entire world is part of each countrys family. If countr ies work together they can have far more impact than working in isolation. Good CE practice requires monitoring and evaluation. More than just postulation if the goals are being achieved, but also asking why? and why not? The development community lacks the requisite ethical and professional standards. Economic development does not take its work with the sense of responsibility that the task requires. It demands that honest advice be given.He points out where economic development practice has gone faulty The rich countries say, Poverty is your own fault. Be like us, have a free market, be entrepreneurial, fiscally responsible and your problems will be gone. The IMF period of structural adjustment which supposedly dealt with the four maladies of poor governance, excessive government intervention in the markets, excessive government spending, and too much state ownership were not solved by the IMF prescription of belt tightening, privatization, liberalization, and good governan ce. The responsibility for poverty reduction was assumed to lie entirely with poor countries themselves.He then lays out his differential diagnosis for poverty reduction. He believes the millennium Development Goal (MDG) goes a long way in reducing poverty. Once the diagnosis is completed, a proper treatment regime must be carried out. In doing differential diagnosis, questions must be asked in each one of the following areas aim and map the extent of extreme poverty from the household level all the way up through the community to the country to the state in all areas of life. Thesecond set of questions deals with the economic policy framework. The third set deals with the fiscal framework. Fourth deals with physical geography and human ecology. Fifth, the questions deal with the patterns of governance. History has shown that democracy is not a prerequisite for economic development. Sixth are questions which deal with cultural barriers that hinder economic development. The last are questions that are related to geopolitics which involves a countrys security and relationship with the rest of the world.The next six chapters, five through ten, deal with specific countries that have gone through this process, and their results. His results are kind of impressive. I will not deal much with each country, but an individual chapter might be of interest to the RC involved if he is interested in such things.Chapter FiveBolivias High Rate of InflationProblemA hyperinflation rate of 3000% (30 times) between July 1984 and July 1985 with a longer term hyperinflation rate of 24,000%.Lessons intentional Stabilization is a complex process. Ending a large budget deficit may be the first step but controlling the underlying forces that cause the budget deficit is much more complex. Macroeconomics tools are limited in their power. Successful change requires a combination of technocratic knowledge, bold political lead, and broad social participation. Success requires not only bold reforms at home, but also financial help from abroad. ugly countries must demand their due.Chapter SixPolands Return to EuropeProblemBy the end of 1989, Poland had partially suspended its international debt payments. The economy was suffering from high rate of rising inflation and there was a deepening political crisis.Sachs approach in Poland, as in other countries, was create on five pillars Stabilizationending the high rate of inflation, establishing stability and convertible currency. Liberalizationallowing markets to function by legalizing private economic activity (ending price controls and establishing necessary laws). Privatization identifying private owners for assets currently held by the state. Social networkpensions and other benefits for the elderly and poor were established. Institutional Harmonizationadopting, step-by-step, the economic laws, procedures, and institutions.Lessons Learned He learned how a countrys fate is crucially stubborn by it s specific linkages to the rest of the world. once again the importance of the basic guidance concept for broad-based economic transformation, not to stand alone with separate solutions. Saw over again the practical possibilities of large-scale thinking He learned not to take no for an answer, press on with your guidance. By the time a country has fall into deep crisis, it requires some external help to get back on track. This help may be in the form of getting the basics right which includes debt cancellation and help to bolster confidence in the reforms.Chapter SevenRussias Struggle for NormalcyProblemThe Soviet jointure relied almost entirely on its oil and gas exports to earn foreign exchange, and on its use of oil and gas to run its industrial economy. In the mid- 1980s, the price of oil and gas plummeted and the Soviet Unions oil production began to fall.Sachs suggested three actions of the West (but generally they were ignored by the West) A stabilization fund for t he ruble. Immediate suspension of debt repayment followed by cancellation oftheir debts. A new aid program for transformation focusing on the most vulnerable sectors of the Russian economy.Lesson Learned Despite much turmoil and rejection much went right so that eventually Russia became a lopsided market economy, still focused on oil and gas. Russia has a gigantic land mass which causes it to have few linkages with other nations of the world. Their population densities are low and agrarian and food production per hectare remains low. Over history, 90% of the population has been rural, with cities few and far between. This hinders economic growth. Without adequate aid, the political consensus around the reforms was deeply undermined, thereby compromising the reform process.Chapter EightChina Catching Up after a Half Millennium Being Isolated ProblemChina lost its economic and cultural lead that it had in its early history. Sachs points out five dates which caused this 1434 China had been the technological superpower. This year Emperor Ming closed China to the rest of the world and stopped their advanced ship fleets from going out to the world. 1839 China finally ended its economic isolation. 1898 several(prenominal) young reformers tried to gain power and were stopped. 1911 Ching Dynasty collapsed and by 1916 China was falling into civil unrest. Their military took control of the empire. 1949 the rise of the Maoist Movement.He then compares China to Russia The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe had massive foreign debt while China did not. China has a large coastline that supported its export growth, while Russia and Eastern Europe do not. China had the benefit of large off-shore Chinese business communities which acted as foreign investors, while Russia and Eastern Europe did not. The Soviet was experiencing a forceful decline on their main export product, oil and gas. The Soviet Union had gone further down the industrialization road thanChina.Chapte r NineIndia Market tame Which Was the Triumph of Hope Over Fear ProblemIndia was controlled by a business, British East India Company, which was driven by greed, and it did everything to maximize profit for the company at the expense of the country. Though Indias population throughout history has been Hindu, vast numbers of Muslims and Christians lived in and sometimes dominated the land. India had poor political and social structures because the land was broken into many mild kingdoms governed by many different leaders. In addition, India has the caste-system of stratification of peoples.With independence from the British in 1947, Nehru looked for a path to self- sufficiency and democratic socialism. The Green Revolution had a major impact on the country as high yield crops were introduced. By 1994, India now faced four major challenges Reforms needed to be extended especially in liberalization and the development of new and better systems. India needed to invest heavily in inf rastructure India needed to invest more in health and education of its people, especially the lower castes. India needed to figure out how to pay for the needed infrastructure.Lessons Learned The 21st century is likely to be the era when this poor countrys economic development is substantially reversed. The country has announced electricity for all as well as essential health services and drinking piddle for everyone. These are achievable goals and the basis for much-needed investment. The Hindus did not stifle growth. The Green Revolution and then market reforms overrode the rigidness of the caste-system and the slow growth of the 1950s and 1960s. India has become increasingly urbanized, thereby further weakening the caste-system. Democracy is wearing away age-old social hierarchies. India has grabbed the potential of the internet and IT and is leading the way fordeveloping nations in this regard. Indias varied geography and its miles and miles of shoreline fosters its ma rket position for the manufacture of products.Chapter TenAfrica and the DyingProblemThree centuries of slave trade were followed by a century of colonial rule which left Africa bereft of educated citizens and leaders, basic infrastructure, and frequent health facilities. The borders followed arbitrary lines, not historic tribal lines which now divided former empires, ethnic groups, ecosystems, watersheds, and resource deposits.The West was not willing to invest in African economic development. rottenness was not the central cause for their economic failure as he showed. In the 1980s, HIV became the worse killer of mankind. In 2001, life expectancy stood at 47 old age, while East Asia stood at 69 years, and developed countries at 78 years.Sachs spends time looking at the major diseases of malaria, TB, diarrhea, and HIV. He says poverty causes disease and disease causes poverty.Lessons Learned Good governance and market reform alone are not sufficient to generate growth if a countr y is in a poverty trap. Geography has conspired with economics to give Africa a particularly weak hand. Africa lacks navigable rivers with access to the ocean for easy transport and trade. Africa lacks irrigation and depends on rainfall for their crops. Farmers lack access roads, markets, and fertilizers, while soils have been long depleted of their nutrients.Chapter ElevenThe Millennium, 9/11, and the United Nations. The beginning part of this chapter deals with the Millennium Development Goals. Sachs says that the goals and commitment to make pass them by 2015 convey the hope that extreme poverty, disease, and environmental degradation could be alleviated with the wealth, the new technologies, and global awareness with which weentered the 21st century. He says the first septette goals call for sharp cuts in poverty, disease, and environmental degradation, while the eighth goal is essentially a commitment to global partnership. Because you have all seen them, I am not includin g them here.Regarding 9/11, he says we need to keep it in perspective. On 9/11, 3000 people died for once and for all, but 10,000 people die each day from diseases that are preventable.He believes we need to address the deeper roots of terrorism of which extreme poverty is an important element. The rich world needs to turn its efforts to a much greater extent from military strategies to economic development. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke of freedoms we were fighting for in WWII and for which we still should be attempting to accomplish liberty of speech and expression all over in the world. Freedom for every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. Freedom from want which translates into economic development. Freedom from fear which translates into a worldwide reduction in armament, a reduction to such a point that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor.One major thing he is suggesting is tha t the rich countries elevate their giving to .7% of their gross national product from the average of .2% it is today. The rest of the chapter is about President Bush and the USA policies and actions.Chapter TwelveOn-The-Ground Solutions for Ending PovertyThis chapter is really talking about CHE, but Sachs does not attend it. He says that the worlds challenge is not to overcome laziness and corruption but rather to take on geographic isolation, disease, vulnerability to climate shocks, etc. with new systems of political responsibility that can get the job done.He talks about a village of less than 1,000 in westbound Kenya, in a Sauri sub-location (in Siaya district in Nyanza province) that he visited, which opened his eyes. He found what we find place after place that they areimpoverished, but they are capable and resourceful. Though struggling to survive, presently they are not dispirited but determined to improve their situation. He then goes on to describe the needs of a rural A frican community, the same type of community that we deal with every day, as shown in the abundance of applications we put one across for CHE. A major problem, he feels, is that the farmers do not have the money to buy fertilizer that would impact their crop productivity drastically. Also they have no school or clinic.He then begins to calculate what it would cost per person to bring a school and teachers, simple clinic and staff, medicines, agriculture inputs such as seed and fertilizer, safe drinking water and simple sanitation, and power transport and communication services. The total cost for Sauri is about $350,000 a year, which converts to $70 a person per year, which could revolutionize the community. If he did CHE, the total cost and per person cost would be greatly reduced. He then goes ahead and extrapolates this up for the country of Kenya to $1.5 billion.At the same time he points out that Kenyas debt service is $600 million a year and that it needs to be cancelled. But one problem that donors talk about is corruption needing to be eliminated. If countries do not eliminate corruption, they would not be eligible for relief. Also, a budget and management system need to be designed that will reach the villages and be monitorable, governable, and ascendablea set of interventions to ensure good governance on such a historic project. The key to this is to empower village-based community organizations to oversee village services.Most of what he says in this chapter sounds like CHE to me, but we can do it at even a lower cost and we have the experience to implement it. That is why I said earlier that we need to talk to Sachs about CHE.He then goes on with this theme but changes the venue from rural to urban in Mumbai, India in a slum community built smack up against the railroad tracks, one-house deep. He points out the outstanding needs are not latrines, data track water, nor safety from trains, but empowerment so they cannegotiate with the government. He then mentions that several groups have been found and empowered to do this in this community. once more sounds like CHE for urban poor.Sachs says what this community needs is investments in the individual and basic infra-structure that can empower people to be healthier, better educated, and more productive in the work force. CHE deals with the individual side of the equation.He ends this chapter by discussing the problem of scale. He says everything must start with the basic village. The key is connecting these basic units together into a global network that reaches from impoverished communities to the very centers of power and back again. This, too, is what we are talking about when we describe scaling-up and creating a movement and then forming it into councils and collaborative groups.He believes the rich world would readily provide the missing finances but they will wonder how to ensure that the money made available would really reach the poor and that there would be result s. He says we need a strategy for scaling up the investments that will end poverty, including governance that empowers the poor while holding them accountable. I believe CHE fits his prescription.Chapter ThirteenMaking the Investments Needed to End Poverty Sachs says the extreme poor lack six kinds of capital Human slap-up health, nutrition, and skills needed for each person to be productive. Business Capital the machinery, facilities, and motorized transport used in agriculture, industry and services. Infrastructure Capital water and sanitation, airports and sea ports, and telecommunications systems that are faultfinding inputs for business productivity. Natural Capital arable land, healthy soils, biodiversity, and well- functioning ecosystems that provide the environmental services need by human society. Public Institutional Capital commercial law, judicial systems, government services, and policing, that underpin the peaceful and prosperous division of labor. Knowledge Capi tal the scientific and technological know-how that raises productivity in business getup and the promotion of physical and natural capital.He spends several pages on charts showing income flow. He also uses the example of child survival and how it applies to the six kinds of capital. He makes the point that even in the poorest societies, primary education alone is no longer sufficient. He says all youth should have a minimum of 9 years of education. He says technical capacity must be in the whole of society from the bottom up. He talks about trained community health workers and the role they can play. Villages around the world should be helped in adult education involving life and death issues such as HIV.The main challenges now is non to show what works in small villages or districts but rather to scale up what works to encompass a whole country, even the world. Again sounds like CHE and where we are going.He goes through several examples where major diseases are being dealt with such as malaria, river blindness, and polio, as well as spread of family planning. He also briefly talks about the cell phone revolution by the poor in Bangladesh and how East Asia has established Export Processing Zones, all of which are improving the life of the poorest of poor nations.Chapter FourteenA Global Compact to End PovertyHe says the poorest countries themselves must take seriously the problem of ending poverty and need to devote a greater share of their national resources to accomplish this. Many poor countries pretend to reform while rich countries pretend to help them. The chronic lack of donor funding robs the poor countries of their poverty-fighting zeal. We are stuck in a show play that is not real.There are two sides in a compact. In this compact, there should be the commitment in the rich countries to help all poor countries where the collective will to be responsible partners in the endeavor is present. For the other poor countries where authoritarian or corru pt regimes hold sway,the consequences for the population are likely to be tragic but the rich countries have their limits also.He spends time looking at several countries that have Poverty Reduction Strategies where some are working and some not. gold coast is a star in his book.He says a true MDG-based poverty reduction strategy would have five parts A Differential diagnosing which includes identifying policies and investments that the country needs to achieve the MDGs. An Investment Plan which shows the size, timing and costs of the required investments. A Financial Plan to fund the Investment Plan, including the calculation of the MDG support gap, the portion of the financial needs that donors will have to fill. A Donor Plan which gives multi-year commitments from donors for contact the MDGs. A Public Management Plan that outlines the mechanisms of governance and public administration that will help implement the expanded public investment plan.During the 1980s and 1990s, the IMF forced Structural Readjustment on the poor countries which did not work. The poor were asked to pay all the expenses for new services. They then moved to a compromise called Social Marketing where the poor were asked to pay a portion of the expense. But neither plan worked because the poor did not have enough even to eat, much less pay for electricity.He says a sound management plan should include the following Decentralize. Investments are needed in all the villages and the details for what is needed needs to be established at the village level through local committees, not the national capitol or Washington DC. Training. The public sector lacks the talent to oversee the scaling up process. Training programs for capacity building should be part of the strategy. Information Technology. The use of information technologycomputers, e-mail and mobile phones needs to increase drastically because of the dramatic increase of knowledge that needs to be transmitted. mensural Ben chmarks. Every MDG based poverty reduction strategy should be supported by quantitative benchmarks tailored to national conditions, needs, and dataavailability. Audits. No country should fool greater funding unless the money can be audited. Monitoring and Evaluation. Each country must prepare to have investments monitored and evaluated.He then goes through the following Global Policies for Poverty Reduction The Debt Crisis. The poorest countries are unable to repay their debt, let alone carry the interest. Therefore, for each country that agrees to the guidelines noted previously, their debt must be cancelled if there is to be true poverty reduction. Global trade Policy. Poor countries need to increase their exports to the rich countries and thereby earn foreign exchange in order to import capital goods from the rich countries. Yet trade is not enough. The policy must include both aid and trade. The end of agriculture subsidies is not enough for this to happen. cognition for Development. The poor are likely to be ignored by the international scientific community unless special effort is made to include things that help the poor. It is more critical to identify the priority needs for scientific research in relation to the poor than to mobilize the donor community to spikelet that research forward. That would include research in tropical agriculture, energy systems, climate forecasting, water management, and sustainable management of ecosystems. Environmental stewardship. The poorest of poor nations are generally acquitted victims of major long-term ecosystem degradation. The rich countries must live up to the ecology agreements they have signed. The rich countries will have to give added financial assistance to the poor countries to enable them to deal with the ecosystem problems. The rich countries will have to invest more in climate research.Chapter FifteenCan The Rich Afford to Help the Poor?He asks the question Can the rich countries help the poor ?, and his answer is Can they afford not to do so? He gives five reasons that show that the current effort is so modest. The numbers of extremely poor have declined close to 50% two generations past to 33% a generation ago to 20% today. The goal is to end extreme poverty, not all poverty, and to close the gap between the rich and the poor. Success in ending the poverty trap will be much easier than it appears. Too little has been doneto identify specific, proven, low-cost interventions that can make a difference in living standards and economic growth (CHE does this). The rich world is vastly rich. What seemed out of reach a generation or two ago is now such a small fraction of the vastly expanded income of the rich world. Our tools are more powerful than ever, including computers, internet, mobile phones, etc.He then spends time in doing calculations to show how this can be accomplished. First he starts with the World Bank. They estimate that acting basic needs requires $1.0 8 per person per day. Currently, the average income of the extremely poor is 77 cents per day, creating a shortage of 31 cents per day or $113 per person per year. He then shows that this represents only .6% of a nations GNP. The MDG target which many countries have agreed to is .7% of their GNP. afterwards on, he shows that the USA is only spending .15% for aid to the world.Sachs then spends time on a six-step process to do a needs assessment to come up with the real number needed Identify the package of basic needs. Identify for each country the current unmet needs of the population. Calculate the costs of meeting the unmet needs through investments, taking into account future population growth. Calculate the part of the investments that cant be financed by the country itself. Calculate the MDG financing gap that must be covered by donors. Assess the size of the donor contribution relative to donor income.He proposes that interventions are required to meet the following bas ic needs Primary education for all children with a designated target ratio of pupils to teachers. Nutrition program for all vulnerable populations. Universal access to anti-malarial bed nets for all households in regions of malaria transmission. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation. One-half kilometer of paved roads for every thousand population. Access to youthful cooking fuels and improved cooking stoves to decreaseindoor air pollution.He states extreme poverty (a lack of access to basic needs) is very different from relative poverty (occupying a place at the bottom of the ladder of income distribution) within rich countries, and goes through a more detailed approach of implementing the six steps.He points out that not all donor assistance is for development. some(prenominal) is used for emergency relief, care for resettlement of refugees, geopolitical support of particular governments, and help for middle-income countries that have largely ended extreme poverty in t heir country. Also, only a small portion of development aid actually helps to finance the intervention package. Much of it goes for technical assistance which is not part of the MDG numbers.He spends time on the question, Can the USA afford the .7% of their GNP? He responds with a deafening Yes He does this in multiple ways, one of which is to show that the increase is only .55%, which would be hardly noticed in the USs average 1.9% increase year-by-year of its GNP.Chapter xviMyths and Magic BulletsThis is an fire chapter because Sachs shoots down commonly held beliefs concerning the causes and solutions for poverty. He uses Africa as his case to do so. Contrary to popular conception, Africa has not received great centres of aid. They receive $30 per person per year but only $12 of that actually went to be used in development in Africa. $5 went to consultants of donor countries, $3 went to food and emergency relief, $4 for servicing Africas debt and $5 for debt relief. In realit y, in 2002, only six cents per person went to development. Corruption is the problem which leads to poor governance. By any standard of measure Africas governance is low, but not due to corruption. African countries governance is no different than other poor countries in the rest of the world. Governance improves as the people become more literate and more affluent. Secondly, a more affluent country can afford to invest more in governance. There is a democracy deficit. This is also not true. In 2003, 11 countries in Africa were considered free, with 20 more partially free, and 16 not free. This is the same as is found in other regions of the world. Democracy does not translate into faster economic growth. Lack of modern values. Again, this is also false. Virtually every society that was once poor has been castigated for being unworthy until its citizens became rich and then their new wealth was explained by their industriousness.He traces this trend in multiple countries. One maj or factor that does cause change is the change in womens position in society as their economic situation improves, which accelerates the growth. The need for economic freedom is not fully true. Generally market societies out perform centrally planned economies. This leads to the thought that all is needed is that the people must have the will to liberalize and privatize which is too simplistic. He shows that there is no correlation between the Economic Freedom Index and annual growth rate of GDP. The single idea of Mystery of Capital put forth by Hernando de Soto which relates to the security of private property including the ability to borrow against it is also incorrect. Most poor hold their assets such as housing and land. There is a shortfall of morals which is thought to be the main cause of HIV in Africa. A study shows that Africa men are no different in the average number of sexual partners they have than any other part of the world. Saving children only to become hungry adults leads to population explosion. Actually it has been shown that the best way to reduce the fertility rate is to increase the economic status. In all parts of the world (except the Middle East) where the fertility rate is over 5 children, those countries are the poorest ones. As children survive, the parents feel less of a need to have more children which is a result of improved economic conditions. A rising tide lifts all boats. This means extreme poverty will take care of itself because economic development will pull all countries along to improvement. A rising improvement does not reach the hinder lands or mountain tops. Nature red in tooth and claw means that economic improvement is based on survival of the fittest and those who cannot compete fall behind. This is a Darwin thought which seems to still prevail throughout the world. Competition and shinny are but one side of the coin which has the other side of trust, cooperation, and collective action.He rejects the doom sayers who saying that ending poverty is impossible. He believes he has set specific interventions that are needed as well as found ways to plan and implement them at an affordable rate.Chapter SeventeenWhy We Should Do ItThere are several fallacies which affect the USAs giving The American public greatly overestimates the amount of federal funds spent on foreign aid. The US public believes that the government is providing massive amounts of aid. A 2001 survey by the University of Maryland showed that people felt that US aid accounted for 20% of the federal budget versus the actual of .15%. That is 24 times smaller than the actual figure. The American public believes that the US military can achieve security for Americans in the absence seizure of a stable world. This has been proven untrue especially with 9/11. There is a fallacy in belief that there is a war of cultures. For many, this relates to scriptural prophesy of Armageddon and end times.The problem in the US is not opp osition to increased foreign aid but a lack of political leadership to inform the public how little the US does supply, and then asking the US public to supply more.Hard evidence has established a strong linkage between extreme poverty abroad and threats to national security. As a general proposition, economic failure (an economy stuck in a poverty trap, banking crisis, debt disregard or hyper-inflation) often leads to a state failure. A CIA Task force looked at state failures between 1954 and 1994 and found that the following three factors were most meaning(a) in state failure Very high infant mortality rate suggested that overall low levels of material well-being are a significant factor in state failure. Openness of the economy showed the more economic linkages a country had with the rest of the world, the lower chance of state failure. Democratic countries showed fewer propensities to state failure than authoritarian regimes.He then reviews what the US government has commit ted to since 9/11 Provide resources to aid countries that have met national reform. reform effectiveness of the World Bank and other development banks inraising living standards. Insist on measurable results to ensure that development assistance is actually making a difference in the lives of the worlds poor. Increase the amount of development assistance that is provided in the form of grants, not loans. Since trade and investment are the real engines of economic growth, open societies to commerce and investment. Secure public health. Emphasize education. Continue to aid agricultural development.In reality, little progress has been done by the US to the accomplishment of these goals. But he does spend time discussing where plans were established and that funds were flowing where massive amounts of aid were provided by the USA End of World War II with the Marshall Plan which revitalized Europe and Japan. Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt Campaign started slow but ended up with larg e amount of national debt being cancelled in the poorest of countries. The Emergency Plan for HIV is providing $15 billion to fight this pandemic.The bottom line of this chapter is, OK, USA and other rich countries, you are saying good things, now step-up to the plate and do what you have agreed to do.Chapter EighteenOur Generations ChallengeOur generation is heir to two and a half centuries of economic progress. We can realistically envision a world without extreme poverty by the year 2025 because of technological progress which enables us to meet basic needs on a global scale. We can also achieve a margin above basic needs unprecedented in history. Until the Industrial Revolution, humanity had known only unending struggles against famine, pandemic disease, and extreme povertyall compounded by cycles of war, and political despotism.At the same time, Enlightenment thinkers began to envision the possibility of sustained social progress in which science and technology could be harnes sed to achieve sustained improvements in the organization of social, political,and economic life. He proposes four thinkers which led this movement Thomas Jefferson and other founders of the American Republic led the thought that political institutions could be fashion consciously to meet the needs of society through a human-made political system. Adam Smith believed that the economic system could similarly be shaped to meet human need and his economic design runs parallel to Jeffersons political designs. Immanuel Kant called for an appropriate global system of governance to end the age-old scourge of war. Science and technology, fueled by human reason can be a sustained force for social improvement and human betterment led by Francis Bacon and Marie-Jean-Antoine Condorcet. Condorcet put much emphasis on public education to accomplish the goals.One of the most abiding commitments of the Enlightenment was the idea that social progress should be universal and not restricted to a c orner of Western Europe. He said now it is our generations turn to help foster the following Political systems that promote human well-being Economic systems that spread the benefits of science, technology, and division of labor to all parts of the world. International cooperation in order to secure a perpetual peace. Science and technology, grounded in human rationality, to fuel the continued prospects for improving the human condition.He then spends three or four pages discussing the good and bad points of the Anti-globalization Movement which is taking place. He also spends time discussing three movements which made these kind of changes in the world in their time The end of Slavery The end of Colonization The Civil Rights and Anti-Apartheid MovementHe closes with discussing the next steps which are Commit to ending poverty Adopt a plan of action built around the Millennium Development Goals Raise the voice of the poor Redeem the role of the United States in the world Rescue the IMF and World Bank intone the United Nations Harness global science Promote sustainable development Make a personal commitment to become involvedSummaryThis is an interesting book with new perspectives for me, and which is beginning to be taken seriously by the world. I believe, as stated earlier, that MAIs role is on-the-ground solutions for ending poverty through CHE which is spelled out in Chapter 12. But, as also noted, we can do it at a far lower cost than he estimates because of our commitment to empowering people to do things on their own and primarily with their own funds.

Maintaining Romantic Relationships

Maintaining Romantic Relationships When 2 people choose to forge an interpersonal involvement through chat and entrust the bond to be amatory, they befuddle chosen to be in a romantic consanguinity with star an new(prenominal). In the beginning, world in a romantic consanguinity seems effortless, magical, and exhilarating. This is before affair arises and negative emotions cause things to get real and bring the relationship down from cloud nine.While enjoying the sign stages of the relationship is til nowtful, it is also commanding that the dickens individuals are simultaneously building a foundation of appreciation, gaze, forgiveness, and trust. Without this effort, once the honeymoon stage is over, the relationship will most likely crumble and farewell both partakers hurt and confused (McCornack 326). With this said, a romantic relationship is one of the most rewarding, complex, and meaning(a) entities in a persons living, and though it seems as if maintaining on e should come intimately, at times it can be one of the most difficult challenges.However, if effective communication is executed and both partners share the thirst to be together, the challenges of misunderstanding one an other(a) and accepting shortcomings can be surmounted and a successful romantic relationship can be achieved. Because thither are two people deeply invested emotionally, mentally, and possibly physically in a romantic relationship, the stakes are higher than those in a friendship.The find of actions and words exchanged causing destruction to a point of no retri neverthelession is greater than in a platonic relationship, where forgiveness is more easily granted. In an intimate relationship, both people must meet individually other halfway. The inherit nature of the human race is to focus primarily on personal needs, but in a committed romantic relationship it is important that the needs of the other partner are also taken into consideration, which may require compromise on how communication and expression of feelings are exchanged.Typically men are less sensitive than women, causing many unnecessary disagreements between the two. workforce need to gain that at times the criticism or suggestions they believe will be helpful actually sound mean and hurtful to women, and women should realize that usually men do non have negative intentions with their blunt words but instead do non know any other way to exceed as they were created to interact that way.A helpful tactic in preserving an intimate relationship is for the couple to be able to create and maintain positive degree illusions about each(prenominal) other, that is to be less negative and more kind in their evaluation and feedback of their partners, which can help to enhance relationship satisfaction (How to build up & Maintain Happy Intimate Relationships). This applies to both sides of the relationship. For example, the man can be gentler in his communication and the woman les s harassing in hers, resulting in both of them cosmos happier with the way they are treated, bringing them closer together. Partners are happier and more committed when positive interactions between partners outweigh negative ones by a ratio of at least 51 (How to Build & Maintain Happy Intimate Relationships). The risks are greater in a romantic relationship than in a platonic one, but so are the rewards, causing the necessary determination and effort worth the gamble. As life progresses, changes are inevitable, and relationships are affected by the continuing evolution of a persons life.An individuals wants and needs change as a relationship develops, and this change should be embraced as an opportunity for the relationship to grow and reach a deeper level instead of resisted and ignored. By periodically setting aside time to check in with one another on these changes, the couple can assure that they are aware of the others changing expectations and goals, therefore enhancing the intensity of their connection (Building a anicteric Relationship from the Start).Sometimes, couples forget that they must make the conscious effort to keep the relationship going, which leads to it falling into a rut. Thus the exploration of each others hobbies and interests is essential in maintaining the excitement of sharing experiences with one another (Building a Healthy Relationship from the Start). Having a significant other is like always having a high hat friend around, but better because there is affection and deeper feelings involved.The point of a best friend is to have someone to share enjoyable experiences with, so to not include one another in activities and adventures in an intimate relationship is counter-intuitive and defeats one of the main purposes of being in one. Long-term relationships are difficult because sometimes the couple loses sight of why they are together in the first place. They begin to muckle the relationship as a job instead of a thrilling, po sitive addition to their lives.From personal experience, I know that even though avoiding this unfortunate patch sounds elemental enough, it can happen all too easily, for I am guilty of it as well. A year ago, after I realized that my relationship with my swell was becoming more stressful than fulfilling, I knew I had to make a change. I told him that I wanted to be the cherry on top of his life sundae and be a positive appendage to his life instead of an exhausting obligation. By this time it was too late and we broke up for a few months.I feel as though if my boyfriend and I had taken the time to sit down and talk to each other about the changes that were occurring in our lives and in our relationship, as well as make the effort to experience fun activities together instead of falling into a routine of going to each others houses with the occasional trip to the movie theater, our relationship might not have transformed into such a tense monster that seemed to whorled out of o ur control. When conflict arises, communication is the key to a resolution.Because a common source of conflict is unrealistic or unreasonable expectations, the two members of a relationship must be willing to be open and honest about what they anticipate from one another and whether these expectations are being met (Building a Healthy Relationship from the Start). Each of the romantic partners must be willing to attempt to see the issue from the others point of view. Sometimes, the way that conflict is dealt with speaks enormously about a persons past experiences and family history.No two people have grown up exactly the same, so it is impossible for two people to have the exact same way of dealing with issues. In some families, communication is not a big priority, yet in others it is constant. It is important for an individual to be aware of his or her partners background so that an understanding can be met and communication can effectively exploit an issue instead of prolonging i t. Another important aspect of solving a conflict is timing. There is no perfect time for a conflict to occur, but the partakers of one have control over when they solve it.In the past, it was believed that it was best to never leave a fight unresolved and that the issue should be fixed at one time however, it is now recommended that people take some time to cool off so that hurtful things are not said that could potentially cause irreversible damage to the relationship (Building a Healthy Relationship from the Start). This personal time can allow each person to alleviate the initial anger or hurt and rationalize their thoughts.The most important aspect in the come along to solving a conflict is for both partners to do their best to communicate in a way that the other will understand. The main obstacle that makes maintaining a romantic relationship so challenging is that men and women communicate so differently, and it is impossible for them to ever communicate in the same manner no matter how much each of them try. When it comes to communication, men and women are on two completely different planets, stated by the best-selling book, men are from Mars, Women are from Venus.In this relationship guide, the author John Gray states, Men are prompt when they feel needed while women are motivated when they feel cherished (Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus Quotes). This could not be truer. Men approach the world with the mindset that they are an individual in a hierarchy where life is a contest of social differentiate, while women engage the world as an individual in a network of connections where life is a community and the main focus is to evade isolation and sustain intimacy (Tannen, Ph. D. 24-25).For effective communication to occur, understanding and compromise must be implemented. This is vital in maintaining a healthy romantic relationship because ineffective communication leads to frustration, confusion, and eventually termination. In order to avoi d this, both the man and the woman in the relationship must be willing to accept each others way of interacting, even if it seems strange or ridiculous. To many people, opening the lines of communication seems impossible because they view the difficulty of communicating as an inevitable problem and a flaw of the other person.However, this is not the case, and it is achievable as long as both partners are prepared to attempt to see communication from the others point of view (Tannen, Ph. D. 297-298). There is no one set way to do anything in life instead, there are many methods of approaching an issue or situation and the right one depends on personal preference. This applies to maintaining a romantic relationship as well. Each couple has their own unique way of interacting with one another, and in each of those couples, the man and the woman also have different ways of communicating and expressing themselves.John Gray also wrote in his book, When men and women are able to respect an d accept their differences then love has a chance to blossom (Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus Quotes). A relationship cannot grow without proper communication, and for this to be accomplished both partners must be willing to give up their stubborn pride and come to terms with the fact that their way of handling situations is not the only way. Once this level of respect is present, misunderstandings will be a misfortune of the past.The best approach to maintaining a healthy intimate relationship is to not overlook each others flaws and shortcomings but to accept and embrace them. Though this can be challenging and at times overwhelming, the success of maintaining a romantic relationship is one of the most fulfilling triumphs known to mankind. Works Cited Building a Healthy Relationship from the Start. UT Counseling and Mental Health Center. The University of Texas at Austin. Web. 7 Mar 2013. How to Build & Maintain Happy Intimate Relationships. Counseling Center Resources A rticles and Brochures. Roosevelt University. Web. 9 Mar 2013. McCornack, Steven. Reflect and Relate, an Introduction to Interpersonal Communication. 2nd. Boston Bedford/st Martins, 2009. 326. Print. Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus Quotes. Goodreads. N. p.. Web. 6 Mar 2013. Tannen, Ph. D. , Deborah. You Just Dont Understand Women and Men in Conversation. NewYork William Morrow and Company, Inc. , 1990. Print.